Reading Resource: Rabinovitz

I was referred to, and recently began to review, the writings of Lauren Rabinovitz. I am particularly interested in encountering her thoughts on creating compelling interactive narratives. However, the article that I have read most recently is titled "More Than the Movies". I'm very interested in considering somatic visual culture, spectacle and embodiment. There were a lot of connections to make between this article and Oliver Grau's Virtual Art. That is perhaps a project for another time.

Through this text I was able to reflect on several "future" cinema trends that I had witnessed in the 90s and wonder if my experiences with them as a child inspired my eight year work in CAVE and VR tech. as well as a deep engagement with trying to embark on an exegesis of the term "immersive". I tend to look on "immersion" with a little bit of a skeptic's eye as a term that is more useful in marketing blurbs than as a descriptor for any specific tangible state. It would take a lot of persuading for me to believe that any contemporary cinema/vr apparatus is the naive ideal of "immersive". There are arguments I've made in the past to this effect, mostly having to do with the haptic sense of the interface and corporeal embodiment.

I am all for some of the arguments Rabinovitz is making about the relationships of the body, spectatorship, spectacle and viewing. I agree with the notion that many "futures" of cinema, like the CAVE, depend to some extent on "the reflexivity of embodied spectatorship" (100). New insight from Rabinovitz comes from thinking about embodiment as a requirement for 3D. One can argue that the apparatus does not impede immersion, but it is harder to deny that the illusion of 3D requires the body to activate it. I share Rabinovitz's subtle appreciation for Hale's Tours as a spectacle that derives effectiveness from considering both physical and cognitive sensations. I am not sure what she is referring to as the "standard Hollywood approach", but my guess would be the objective of "immersion" or absorption into the story or event: the attempt to divorce the spectator from the body. One of Rabinovitz's points led me to think about what is more "true" in the socially motivated VR projects that have been attempted by artists like Maurice Benayoun (World Skin). If the common modern adage that we can't trust our eyes is true, than perhaps we can trust our bodies (haptic/embodied) to collaborate with our eyes in order to encounter a "true" experience?  I am talking about true in terms of both stirring and authentic (body knowledge grounded in vision and vs. versa). To do a transgressive work both these elements should be considered.

HASTAC Conference "Digital Publishing"

I am honored and excited to have been asked to contribute to a panel on Digital Publishing for the 2013 HASTAC conference. This entry will be a repository for my future panel notes. The below is a very rough gesture at the general content of my talk (written in a somewhat feverish state:)


“Float Don’t Sink” : Publication in an Ocean of Apps. (Samantha Gorman)
This could be a really cheesy title, but hey...it carries some of the concepts and it kind of amuses me.

This talk will use the author’s iPad Novella as a lens to address the experiences of, and lessons learned through, independent digital publishing. Practical aspects will address design, distribution and how to balance innovation in the humanities with technical platform constraints. Both scholarly research and production will be presented as a method of academic inquiry into what digital publishing really signifies.

Lit Review: New Directions & Soliciting Sources

In early October, I journaled about the process of engaging with my Lit. Review and why I decided to change my total approach. Appropriate to the identity of the web as a nebulous zone, my Oct. 15th entry seems to have been banished to the detritus that clogs the aether of the interwebs. Unfortunately, the vanished chronicle of my thoughts and renewed reasons for doing the Lit. Review has been a blow to my process. Fortunately, I have records of conversations that I've had with other writers and scholars through email and Facebook.  I will attempt to present the following here as a record of process and potentially fruitful discussions.

There were many impulses behind changing my research area from the difficulties in taxonomy/identity to a focus on the cultual practice of reading writing. Yet, even with this new focus, I still felt like I was engaging in an interesting, but ultimately unsatisfying project that didn't align with my current passions. I would simply be recrossing the Ts and dotting the Is of others' cyclical debates. While a overview of these questions is admittedly useful, I realized there was a big black hole in regards to examining how the WRITING/COMPOSITION process is affected by new technologies. Especially, what it means to reconstitute the writing process in tech. through the intimate efforts of writers. Finally, how do the demands that emerging technologies place on the thought process and time of writers teach us about contemporary cultural production?

This change in topic stems from the above impulses and the following observations:

1. There is a gaping hole in thinking about digital literature as a process.  Theory centered on the ontology of product rather than process. Both are integral if we want to holistically consider WHAT it is/does. It would be great to start an archive of practice based methodology that coincides with critical reflection. Since very little literature exists, an extended network might be able to offer suggestions on forthcoming sources.
2. How do the actions of renown hybrid writers/scholars contribute to the body of critical discourse? 
3. Can the split mind process of engaging with digital tools during composition teach us something about their ultimate ontology and foreshadow their future role? 
4. When I'm thinking around a composition problem through writing with digital tools, I feel more aware of what these tools truly contribute to our culture/society. 

These thoughts were some of the catalysts for contacting writers that have/will contribute literature dealing with these topics in the field and asking them for their personal work and perspectives. I began my research by contacting writers/theorists (some with strong print practices) that have been in the field for a varying length of time. These writers are accepted as both scholars/writers and are likely to have produced some print literature reflecting on these topics. Some of these writers are also international: France, Germany, Russia, Scotland, Switzerland . . . and may also have interesting sources outside of a national network.

A>Email correspondances and abridged conversation log:

John CayleyReason for Contact: 

Mentor, Career Model, Successful Hybrid Writer/Scholar. He's probably thought along this angle and has some form of literature to support it. 

Response Record:

"don't forget the Goldsmith/Dworkin+Perloff's patronage conceptual writing configuration since this allies with ours and is a formation of practitioners."

Suggestions:

• Will consider resources from the conceptual writing movement, since our work is that, really.
• Will also use his DHQ meditation titled: "Writing to Be Found and Writing Readers"

Stephanie Strickland

Reason for Contact:

Mentor. Very smart and insightful. Has both a celebrated print and digital practice. 

Response Record: "I have been mainly interested in the great breadth of things thatoccur when people address themselves to digital writing, or to a digital object, rather than a theory of such writing--seems earlyto me to be pronouncing on that"Suggestions:

• Judy Malloy's list of software that chronicles uses by digital authors.
• Forum link to 10 years of the empyre list that features relevant discussions: most recently the so-called New Aesthetic "and right now a discussion of rendering (in both senses) pain and grief online and whether and how it can be done" (Strickland).

• Stephanie's forthcoming DHQ article with Nick Montfort: "cut to fit the toolspun course". Her essay "addresses how and why the code does what it does by consisting of the code extensively glossed in an interpretive manner.  That's another way to think of getting at process and our underlying assumptions about a certain kind of digital writing."

David Jhave Johnston

Reasons for Contact: 

Favorite Artist and Writer. A solid practitioner who has been in the field for a while and just finished a related Ph.D.

Suggestions:

• Jhave's Ph.D thesis: http://glia.ca/conu/THESIS/ that contains "bits in latter half tht examine my own work and occasionally refer to its roots in the sort of quasi intuitive gut-autonomy that is so difficult to speak of, almost impossible to freeze-dry in the glazed apparition of theory."
• A copy of Jhave's MFA thesis sent over email
• Private Access to Jhave's edited and unedited interviews of practitioners and scholars in dig. lit.

Judd Morrisey

Talan Memmott

B>Facebook Discussion and abridged conversation log:

Reason for Contact:
Friends that are international writers and scholars who have an invested academic interest in this topic.
Likelihood they would have access or know of non American sources. All are also members of the ELO and similar institutions.
Response Record:

• I am looking for published documents (in any form) that talk about the process and theory of writing in digital media. If you know of something you would recommend, or have anything yourself, that would be great!

  Take care from L.A.!
• October 24
• 9:15p
• 

  10:29pm
  

  Zuzana Husarova
  

  
  

  Dear Samantha, sorry for answering this late - worthy might be looking into practice led research - e.g.
  Practice-Led Research, Research-Led Practice in the Creative Arts (Research Methods for the Arts and the Humanities).
  Hazel Smith (Editor), Roger T. Dean (Editor) - Maria Mencia and Simon Biggs have there something on creating in digital field. Also the Journal of Writing in Creative Practice issued one issue on electronic literature -http://www.intellectbooks.co.uk/journals/view-issue,id=2018/ that might work for what you are searching for.
  I also did an interview for the Slovak magazine 3/4 - with Kasia Molga, Maria Mencia and Andy Campbell - here is the link for the magazine http://34.sk/ --- and there scroll to Number 25. and here is interview with Kasia online http://34.sk/text.php?text=3-207. I also did there an interview with Amaranth -http://34.sk/text.php?text=3-213 also in Slovak but let me know if this interview format could help, you could briefly send it to google translate and see if this is what you are searching for. Zuzana

  
  

  
  

  Intellect Ltd.

  www.intellectbooks.co.uk
• Thursday
• 

  11:11am
  

  Amaranth Borsuk
  

  
  

  Wow, awesome resources, Zuzana! Thank you for sharing!
• 

  1:58pm
  

  Samantha Gorman
  

  
  

  I totally agree. YOU are the BEST! I think I am almost done assembling basic writer's resources and I will definitely look at these. I've generously heard back from a few people over email.
  

  Stephanie Strickland sent me a link to forums on the Empyre list:http://lists.cofa.unsw.edu.au/pipermail/empyre/ , Judy Malloy's list of software uses by digital authors, and her own forthcoming article with Nick Montfort: "cut to fit the toolspun course," : "addresses how and why the code does what it does by consisting of the code extensively glossed in an interpretive manner"

  John Cayley sent me:http://www.digitalhumanities.org/dhq/vol/5/3/000104/000104.html

  Jhave sent me his masters thesis and phd thesis.

  Ian brilliantly suggested that I consult the interviews Jhave has done of artists/writers.

  I will scan the sources, but I'll definitely get back to you Zuzana. Thank you so much for your input.

  BEST!

  
  

  The empyre Archives

  lists.cofa.unsw.edu.au
• 
  

  ThuYou added Danny Cannizzaro.
• Thursday
• 

  7:09pm
  

  Amaranth Borsuk
  

  
  

  Fantastic! Also, Malloy's anthology has lots of artist statements:
  http://mitpress.mit.edu/books/women-art-and-technology

Zuzana Husarova

1:15am Nov 2

Samantha, I also uploaded the interviews with Andy, Maria and Kasia on my mixcloud: you can listen to them, they will make more sense to you than the Slovak versions 
http://www.facebook.com/l/DAQGQloE7AQH6YXJ62fdnF_sKI7I8qPkxysUoxuzrFER6lg/www.mixcloud.com/tachykardia/

ELO: Affordances and Constraints

For the ELO conference last summer, Ian Hatcher and I were invited to organize a panel of "emerging" scholars and practitioners that had a stake in the future of Writing Digital Media. Nine of the panel participants have just compiling our talks for pending publication in the EBR. What follows is a transcript of my address to the ELO and contribution to the panel:

Samantha Gorman

ELO: Affordances and Constraints

1. Acknowledgements and Purpose

Thank you for offering us this opportunity to come together, generate ideas and share potential strategies forward.  Perhaps the ELO’s greatest affordance is its role as a venue to meet new colleagues and reunite with old friends.

Although I’ve only been a member for four years, I would like to present a casual and conversational overview of constraints that I’ve been debating, and that I believe, might impact the ELO’s sustainability over time. While I am more interested in the conceptual issues of if/how similar organizations sustain past their first decade, I will also attempt to generate concrete suggestions in the spirit of this invitation and discussion. Many of these suggestions have been gathered and compiled from the voices of newer members. These constraints are not simply institution-based, rather they originate from an invested contemplation of the general conceptual issues that surround contemporary Writing in Digital Media. To conclude, I would like to propose affordances we might make in order to reach across generations and into wider communities.

Everyday culture is becoming increasingly inundated by the conjunction of language art and media. As culture marches on around us, where do (or should) contributions by the ELO and similar institutions stand?  The rapid pace of technical and scholarly trends dictates that our efforts at sustainability can't be completely retroactive in approach.  What is the fate of lasting contribution when tools and aesthetic demands are instantly updated? The interval of relevance can seem disheartening. Should we strive for this interval, or should we view obsolescence as an aesthetic feature of our craft? Should we decide on sustainability? If so, what is the price? Will the end result still function the same as what we sought to sustain? Let’s consider the ELO as a case study.

Can the ELO sustain an identity/consortium across generations that evolves with the needs of its scholar/practitioners? Or will it be subsumed into wider cultural practice?

2. Constraints

A. Genre: Constraint of Sustainability

Let's suppose that we are not a genre.  Rather, our back bone is a loose cultural practice.  While a codified genre can afford to remain somewhat static across time, the practical, poetic and political concerns of digital technology slam us forward into the nebulous territory halfway between literary content and computational process. Ironically, the encompassing nature of what we do serves as a constraint for its maintenance.

Further constraints that define us

1. literary content (subjective)

2. computation aspect (changes too fast to hold down cohesion)

If our constraints are indeterminate, Sustainability should come from expanding and relating (in terms of definitions, resources, people) rather than compressing and defining.

B. Youth Outreach: Constraint of Development

The ELO “About” page located at http://eliterature.org/about/ states that one of the organization’s goals is “[t]o bring born-digital literature to the attention of authors, scholars, developers, and the current generation of readers for whom the printed book is no longer an exclusive medium of education or aesthetic practice.”

Working with students in digital performance and creative writing classes at RISD, I realized that many of them weren’t interested in engaging with materials archived by the ELO and would prefer to look for inspiration from contemporary industry and culture.

This reaction has not been atypical. I’ve certainly experienced it elsewhere: in other institutions and even within my own demographic. I realize that no two teaching experiences are alike. Still, if cross-generational involvement is key for sustainability then it might be imperative to examine these reactions.

One catalyst could be found in differences of assimilation.

Although I was comparatively close in age to my students, I realized that there was a significant generation gap in what technology/approach students took for granted.  More than the generation gap, I recognized that beyond work by the ELO, Industry and Advertising significantly influence cultural shifts in how we read and write.

At 2012 SXSW Interactive, trends and fads were everywhere. Among the buzzwords were second screen, ARG, and Transmedia Storytelling. There seems to be a definitive push toward narrative in viral marketing. This push along with the visibility of games such as Journey, Heavy Rain and those by Tales of Tales are often what student’s encounter first. While we should always be vigilant and careful of hype and fetishizing market and tech. trends (not to mention aware of the politics), perhaps we should also acknowledge crossovers with our mission in the wider culture. We should be especially aware of these trends, if not for their interesting cultural implications beyond academia, then as a space for intervention. How might we subvert these spaces and search out avenues for deep engagement with literary content?

As writers and scholars working in our field we have a stake in how these artifacts and updates are impacting modes of reading/writing.

2. Affordances

A. Outreach as Survival

On it’s “About” page, the ELO already lists the following as a strategy for outreach:

Engaging a team of graduate students and international scholars with a career commitment to the field of electronic literature, to coordinate submissions to our collections and stay current with curatorial and technical standards.

First, acknowledging the inclusion of new committed voices as essential for longevity/evolution is one place to start. However, how do we tackle the problem of finding a wider cross section of voices to include? How do we continue on a path away from unintentional insularity toward a wider network of community? How do we discover more voices that would even want to be included in this panel?

Finally: How can the ELO enter into dialogue with other hybrid communities?

• Diversify recruitment by connecting with like-minded organizations outside of academia.
• Connect to hybrid communities that newer members are already a part of.
• Devote webspace to less represented subsets of media driven writing.
• Examine how other diverse, hybrid communities have adapted and survived.

A. Outreach as Curatorial Practice

How might ELO curation and archiving initiatives function as an avenue for outreach?

1. Sustainability through publication

• Satellite publication (perhaps under ELO umbrella) Web Peer-to-Peer Review Journal formed from an editorial board of each new generation of members.  Works are originally solicited from a variety of hybrid writing communities  (even conceptually related print).
• Use selections as vehicle to attract other strong works that have  not always been classically represented: a wider array of “computational writing” practices (including the human as computation).  
• Efforts to reach out to existing print/online publishing communities that newer members have a stake in or are involved with (especially outside of Academia)

• *ELC is important but this would be edited by each new generation and less focused on archiving.

2. Sustainability through Flesh

• Performance/Reading venues serve as live dissemination of diverse work.
• Reading Series under the ELO umbrella.  Linked across cities by same name.
• A way of holding live community gatherings.

3. Sustainability through Network

If the ELO grows and secures outside resources, what might be helpful for its members?

A. Immediate Resources

• A more visible database of where to send work and what to do with work.
• Official sponsorship for curators. Name in an official capacity for ELO events.
• Clear guide to publicity through ELO network.
• ELO materials to distribute to event

B. Hypothetical Future

Broadening network may be able to supply additional resources; thus we can lay the foundation over the next decade to support both future generations of scholars/practitioners and members unaffiliated with the academy.

• Travel grants for curation of unaffiliated artists.
• Distribution of publication materials.
• Residencies/fellowships.
• Beginning publication funds.

Samantha Gorman is an artist, writer and new Ph.D. student at USC’s program in Interdivisional Media Arts and Practice (iMAP). Her gesture-based novella “Penumbra”, made in collaboration with artist Danny Cannizzaro, will be available for the iPAD in early 2013.  For more information, visit http://samanthagorman.net/.

Fanfiction as Archonic Literature

Over the past two years, I have been interested in fan communities. As a writer, I have been particularly interested in fanfiction and how the formation of the fiction archive is a type of community that has a stake in the text it contains.  I think I would like to treat the community functions and mechanics of specific archives as a "text" for analysis. The texts that I will be examining in comparison are fanfiction.net and archiveofourown.org.

What follows are my journal response to the reading I've done of Abigail Derecho "Archontic Literature":

Derecho, Abigail. "Archonic Literature: A Definition, a History, and Several Theories of Fan Fiction." 

Fan Fiction and Fan Communities in the Age of the Internet. Hellekson, Karen, and Kristina Busse, eds. Jefferson, NC: McFarland &, 2006. 61-78. 

     To some extent the presence of fanwork has more or less been present in culture for a long, long time (Derecho 62).  The taxonomy of fanwork seems like a debate that periodically resurfaces. The degree that this debate resurfaces in pop culture seems to depend on the popularity of the fanwork in question. The newest discussion seems to center on Fifty Shades of Grey. I have not read it, but popular knowledge claims that it originated as Twilight fanfiction. It is interesting that a quick search to confirm this (through the hive mind of google) brings up the automatic search terms: "rip off", "parody" and "plagiarism". The idea that this work could be based on a known literary icon seems to have scandalized certain bastions of internet pop culture. Not only is this interesting, but it seems to support Derecho's observation of fanwork as associated with derivative quality. In the "flame wars" that ensue over the legitimacy of Fifty Shades of Grey, the debate over fanwork is particularly contemporary and prominent. I'm sure there has got to be Fifty Shades fanfiction now. Augmentation of the archive is unstoppable!

     Derecho's 3rd category of fanfic taxonomy is a useful, if not readily apparent, way to think about classification (32).  I think there is a tendency to vacillate between the broad and narrow in these types of discussions. The golden ideal is usually somewhere in the middle. I sometimes trend toward's Oblomskaya's middle position: acknowledging the broad connectivity of text while considering what features might be "distinguishing particularities" for further discussion (Derecho 62). I recognize the need for classification in order to discuss a field, but I'd also trend more liberal and inclusive. Also the emphasis on "intertextuality" in the arguments preceding Derecho's categories don't seem to account for the framing, grouping, or paratextual elements of a body of text and seem limited by their emphasis on cross references.

     The framing device of the physical and ideal archive is an ultimate catalyst of relations between text. The paratext of the archive also tries to have a mission statement or rules for publication distinguishing its contents from other archives. In fanfiction, distinguishing statements are claims of quality, peer review, theme, content rating system. . . This is all paratext that dictates how fanfic relates to the system of the archive and similar stories. Archive guidelines are a type of "constraint based writing" imposed on archive authors. To study fanfiction without the symbiotic relationship between its archive and its community, is to miss a large part of it. Therefore, just focusing on Intertextuality seems short sighted. I appreciate how Derecho tries to move beyond this.

     Derecho talks about fanfic as not defined by "a relatively recent trend in audience response" (63). I think this observation is correct for several reasons. It is not a "recent trend" and reader response is NOT the one defining aspect.  However, it is interesting how the process of live, instant and constant reader reviews shape the direction of a story as it is published serially. Although this is an ideal often toted in utopian visions of equality in reader/author control, the online fanfic review and comment process seems to have been largely ignored in these arguments. 

     Derecho's reference to Derrida's notion of the archive on pg. 64 is a great way to think about archives and the functioning of fanfic sites. On a related note, there recently was a big censor war at fanfiction.netthat contributed to the splintering of communities, taking down of stories, and traffic at other sites. Despite how moderators and admins sought to control and censor the archive, the archive was still a thing of itself that had ultimate control of its own censorship. Admins don't have the ultimate control of material: both content and quality. It all goes to the monster of the archive, admin's rules then become part of the archive along with the various subversions.  The archive is in dialog with itself because the more material admins generate, the more material becomes part of the archive.  It is a never ending and always open loop.

   One of my former students presents a good example of how an archonic text might function and the power of fan communities to turn the potential into the actual. Derecho writes, "An archontic text allows, or even invites, writers to enter it, select specific items they find useful, make new artifacts using those found objects . . ." (65). My student joined a fanfic community on fanfiction.net that centered around another author's fanfiction. The job of the community was to take specific items from the existing fanfiction and make new artifacts, or new fanfictions, based on these items. This practice was at least at a second remove from the reality of the media. However, an argument sprung up in the community about which fanfictions were more "true" to the canon of the story.  The canon of the story in this case was a fanfiction reinterpreted from the original media. Thus the original fanfic, became the "actual" work referenced. The arguments eventually got so derisive that actual feelings were hurt and my student eventually swore off online communities. 

     On page 65 I appreciate Derecho's use of soft archive. The soft archive isn't just the framing or the paratext, but a archive of story elements and associations that can go into a fan community's tool box. This is interesting.  I have never thought of an archive in these terms.
From page 65 on, it seems that Derecho is defining textual relations from intertextuality by calling on terms of "intention" to separate the two. Fan work is more relational than intertextual because it indicates a very specific positioning as "fan work". There are all sorts of funny disclaimers author's make about how they don't "really" own the work and they can't make profit off of it. This positioning is about the intention of the writer to cross the bounds of hermetically sealed industry media and add their own sense of wish fulfillment to the media's universe or soft archive. 

Fanfics tie themselves overtly to preexisting texts; this annunciation is a
convention of the fan fiction genre, performed either in the identifying
headers that precede and categorize individual fics, or by the location of
each fanfic in fandom-specific zines or Web sites. (66). 

It seems that part of a fanfic author's intention on how to situate his writing is also in what communities he decides to join, what tags he decides to use, and how he decides on headers/titles. This is an archive within an archive. Choosing an archive category, heading, tag, etc. is a way for some authors to purposely announce that they are in dialog with the archive.

Narrative is SPECTACULAR!!

The position of narrativity in relation to “Cinema of Attractions” put forth by Charles Musser in “Rethinking Early Cinema: Cinema of Attractions and Narrativity” was very useful. For a while, I've been thinking about the deliminators between narrative vs. spectacle: particularly, how they shape the development of whatever medium is considered “newest”. The debate encountered here enacts a type of barometer that measures how principles of time and story from the early days of cinema have been reiterated in contemporary entertainment. Apart from the main constructs of the argument, some ways of categorizing narrative vs. spectacle also interested me. In relation to duration, the spectacle is positioned as single collapsible moment; whereas, narrativity is a chain of moments. In relation to taste, spectacle is portrayed as populist, whereas narrative is positioned as more “refined” and “middle-class”. 
In the end, the “Cinema of Attractions” seems like it could be used as a descriptor; however, aspects of the debate appear decidedly subjective. Musser references this with the examples of Eberhard Schneider and Lyman Howe on pg. 402. It depends, somewhat, if the formal features of “presenting views to an audience” has a structure perceived by your culture as narrative (In this case Aristotelian). (Though I would tend to agree with many of his statements) even Musser's points seem occasionally over-reaching or based on conjecture. One of the eureka moments of this article was when Musser admitted that “narrative sequencing became an 'attraction'” when narrative was a novelty (401). What is narrative and what is spectacle is obviously not always clear cut. This like so many things comes down to the tricky filter of novelty. Though this attraction may not fit cleanly as a feature of “Cinema of Attractions”, it still reveals the ultimate trump of novelty. Such debates are particular difficult to revisit because of how novelty taints the definition of what is and is not a spectacle in these historical contexts. It is hard for us to retroactively experience the “attraction” because, by the time we review it, it is no longer novel. Additionally, I would take issue with Gunning's point about “emphasizing shock or surprise at the expense of unfolding a story or creating a diegetic universe” (390). This “Cinema of Attractions” is not necessarily non-narrative. The staging of executions could be a type of prohibitory tale told to society. This is a type of powerful fiction and no less useful than scenes of the torture of martyrs played before the church in medieval times. On a separate note, why were fiction films cheaper to make than non-fiction films?

On a note from Rethinking Media Change : people who go around raving about “the death of the book” confuse me. It's like they think it's going to get sucked up to Oz in a Tornado or something. It's not likely to go anywhere anytime soon and has been in the making (and is still in the making) for a long, long time. It remains throughout all its incarnations and iterations. I'm guessing they're referring to the mythologized, tactile pleasures of the codex and the old “bathtub” argument. Or, perhaps it is a reactionary stance against a feeling of increasing intrusion by tech that can be difficult to understand. It is really the fear of the medium specific platform of “the book” dying that drives them. Having been raised with an English Teacher mother and present around English Depts. my whole life, I'm often faced with these arguments. The book won't die, It's really not so bleak for the state of the codex either, I think:) People like to immediately generalize Robert Coover's famous infamous essay, but I don't think he really believes that the paper artifact is going anywhere anytime soon either. He just takes delight in stirring the waters and getting people to reconsider forms.

Lit Review: Begin Research Question

How do you do a review of Literature for a emerging and divergent field that is as mercurial as it is contested?  A field that is too broad to pin down besides being a loose set of cultural practices around reading and writing that have something to do with computational media?  

The immensity of this question was initially paralyzing.  After surveying various approaches to writing a Literature Review for the field occasionally called "Electronic Literature".  Within the larger cultural contexts, the field felt too diaphanous to gain any simple purchase.  

In the interest of time, I began to narrow my options.   Originally, I was going to trace how a taxonomy of the field had developed.  Or trace divergent theories of reading practices.  Both these are interesting and very worthy scholarly topics that could make a good Literature Review.  However, I realized what I was really interested in.  Writing.  My current writing efforts wanted an anchor.  So, I would write about theories and practice centered on writing/in/for/through media. This will be a bit interesting, since it seems that not much exists of this sort of published material.  As the "field" exists currently, there is more theory than actual work to theorize:)  Therefore, I've begun to tap various practitioners/theorists for recommendations of published works that address writing process, product, and theory.  The work can either be their own or a recommendation.